Global Issue of Population

In the world today there is various places with a varieties of mindsets of peoples with their corresponding languages. Each place has its own symbolism and cultural creativity. The term 'Modern Homo Sapiens' emerged around 50,000 years ago. Its subspecies is called as 'Modern Homo Sapiens Sapiens'.

Facts & Figures

At present the total number of humans alive today is around 7 billion. The total number of humans ever born is 108 billion. So basically, at present there is roughly about 6.5% of total human beings alive today. If we see a history profile of population, rate of growth of population decreasing due to global 'demographic transition'. 

Presently the key issues with developed countries is about the ageing of populations. For example in America, there is no social security benefits left by the time the people reach their retirement. The declining profile of birth rates suggest that fewer young people left to pay for the care of elderly. That's exactly happens in almost every countries of Europe and Japan.

Demographic Dividend

Younger people are usually considered as economic gift for countries. When the working-age- population (15 to 64 years) is larger than the non- working age population group, then there is usually a boost in economic activity, productivity and many such things. China is the best example of this part. 

Now this 'demographic dividend' will become 'demographic disaster' due to lack of jobs among young age population. It also worsened the economic aspect of any country. For example Sub-Saharan Africa is already one of the youngest regions in world & youth unemployment is high. Brazil economic activity is adversely collapsed due to 'demographic disaster'.

So if its is assume that there is only 100 people in the world then the ratio of male over female is 50 : 50. Out of 100 peoples, 26 will be children and 74 adults. In terms of literacy - 83 will be literate and 77 has their own houses. From religious outlook, there would be 33 Christians, 22 Muslims, 14 Hindus, 7 Buddhists, 12 others and 12 atheist. 

India

In context of India, some pluses and corresponding some minuses are associated. India is 7th largest nation by landmass occupying 2.4% of world land & second largest by population supporting 17.4% of world population and still growing.Out of which 68% are rural population still now.  By the end of 2050, India will have a population of around 165 crores. Now this create a big difference and a big challenge too. Women empowerment is not yet done as compared to other countries which suggest the key issue of population in India.

But India have a large working age population group and more than 50% people are below the age of 35 years. It will be also predicted that by the end of 2020, Indian average age will be 32 years of age which is definitely be a 'demographic dividend' for us.  

Globally, Japan has become the oldest nations of world having an average of around 46 years with 23% of population over 65 years.

History of paper currency in India

It's now been almost 40 days of announcement of demonetisation. On 8th November 2016, our honorable PM Narendra Modi has announced the banning of notes of Rs.500 & Rs.1000 which also preceded the introduction of new notes of Rs. 2000. Many of us saw the 'Mahtma Gandhi' on one side of notes. Though Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced an updated version of notes. So let's know more about the history of paper currency in India.

Evolution of Money

Until the 18th century, silver and gold coins were commonly used in India. But as private European trading companies established their own banks in the region, such as Bank of Hindostan in Calcutta, they began issuing the early versions of India paper notes which were initially just text-based. This further popularised the use of paper notes. The Bank of Bengal went on to release notes that featured a small image of a female figure meant to represent the idea of ''commerce'' as well as bank's name and the denominations in three scripts : Urdu, Bengali, Dev Nagri.

After the Paper Currency Act of 1861, British colonial government got really involved in producing money. Till then money was issued by state alone, not by banks. The 1861 Act was the brainchild of James Wilson, finance member of Indian council & finance minister of colonial government. In 1843, he also founded ''The Economist newspaper'' & founder of ''Standard Chartered Bank''.

''Victoria Portrait Series'' is very first paper notes officially introduced by government in the denominations of Rs.10, Rs.20, Rs.50, Rs.100, Rs.500 & Rs.1000. Notes detail provided in two languages. Interestingly when money had to be securely transferred across distances, paper notes were sometimes cut in half, with one half being sent by post first & second half sent only after the first reached the destination.

As British era past down, the styles, colors and features of paper money had also evolved starting with George V in 1923. All these notes were printed by Bank of England until India's first currency printing press was established in Nasik in 1928. After 4 years, this press was producing all of India's paper currency. In 1935, RBI came into the picture & change all the scenario.

Updated Version of Money

RBI took several years to launch its own notes due to many reasons. In 1938, RBI's first note was issued featured a portrait of King George VI. After Independence in 1947, India demands for a new notes with new look & with new identity. First pure Indian note came out in 1949. This was Re.1 note which had image of Lion capital of Ashoka at Sarnath which also become the official emblem of India. Over the next few years, RBI released notes of different denominations featuring different images like Mumbai's Gateway of India & Brihadeeswara temple in Tamil Nadu's Thanjavore town. In 1960's notes began to print in different colors to help those who cannot read. This time RBI motifs oriented towards Indian art forms & symbol of scientific and economic progress.

Here is the link of RBI money museum where one can see all types of Indian notes ever produced in Indian history.

https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/p-newiss.html

https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_indofrench.aspx

World Politics Scenario

In the 21^st century, the top issues confronting across nations are diseases, international crimes and climate change. The world today is fragmented along political, economy, military and demographic lines. Multiple ideologies are confronting for influence, power and success. The major lines of analysis can be philosophical, military, economic, trade, political and hegemony related. Throughout the centuries, big powers wanted to expand and indulge in warfare. Ultimately relationships between countries are not fixed; they are fluid and dynamic. As per the above graph, it will be assumed that by the end of 2030, India will be economic power from emerging countries.

Definition of Great Power 

Economic prosperity does not translate into geopolitical power. Projecting power is very crucial. Powers are of two types: Hard Power and Soft Power.

Hard Power like Military, Trade, Science and Technology, Currency.

Soft Power like Culture, Language and Religion.

Military Hard Power can come in many forms like Blue Water Navy + Large standing forces + Military alliances + Nuclear capabilities.

For example USA has the world biggest Navy along with their 7 fleets which maintained his hegemony from 1950 onward. They also have the biggest list of allies. Neither Russia nor China have such powerful navies. 

The geographical position of USA gives its special advantages :

1. Self contend and secure
2. Oceans on two sides (Atlantic + Pacific Ocean)
3. Friends on either sides (Canada + Mexico) and NAFTA (North American Foreign Trade Agreement) 

Present Situation

US remain the undisputed global power and military due to : 

• its huge expenditure on military 
• its unbeatable blue water navy
• its large dominance of soft power which is more effective than hard power

Pure communism has collapsed and retreated around the world. Russia has become unpredictable and it now uses every opportunity to assert his power like attacks on IS states on Syria, Georgia War (2008) and Ukraine issue.

On the other hand, China desperately wishes to secure its water (South China Sea) against future aggression. Chinese keeps criticizing Americans for abusing its superpower status and for instigating regional tensions. After 2008, President Obama followed a different path. He gradually withdrew the military from everywhere to meet the cost of expense on military. Present President Donald Trump policy will be very crucial for other countries in terms of Hard Power.

Road Ahead

There are clear proofs that American soft power outstrips others by a large measure. This will not change overnight. The world has accepted that democracy is the best idea. For China which is not a democracy, it still has a long term to go on a per capita income basis. American protection for Japan, South Korea and Taiwan will continue. Russia is so called democracy but it runs autocratically.

Finally the renowned scientist Stephen Hawking recently says that’’ the rise of Donald Trump and Britain's Brexit vote come at "the most dangerous time in the history of the human race. Together, they are a reminder that we are at the most dangerous moment in the development of humanity. We can do this [overcome the challenges], I am an enormous optimist for my species; but it will require the elites, from London to Harvard, from Cambridge to Hollywood, to learn the lessons of the past year. To learn above all a measure of humanity. We now have the technology to destroy the planet on which we live, but have not yet developed the ability to escape it. Perhaps in a few hundred years, we will have established human colonies amid the stars, but right now we only have one planet, and we need to work together to protect it.” 

Capitalism

The key question before societies is ‘’how to divide its resources among its citizens’’. This question has led to many concepts fundamental to modern society like welfare state, communism, socialism, capitalism etc. Today’s prominent global model is ‘’Capitalism’’ with the West is the icon and China and India are its eager followers.

Definition

Capitalism is a socio-economic system where private persons own and control capital assets, labor is purchased for money wages, capital gains and profit goes to private investors and price mechanism is used to allocate capital goods between users.

Critics of Capitalism

The German philosopher Karl Marx (1818-1883) founded the basis of ‘’communism’’ as an alternative to ‘’capitalism’’. Marxist book – ‘’Das Kapital’’ stressed upon three aspects:

•  Capitalism leads to social inequality.
• It creates market monopolies.
• It forms the basis of Imperialism

Thomas Piketty - Capitalist in 21st Century 

In Western countries like US, UK, France the debate on rising inequality has assumed to be center stage. The fear is that very small segment of society – Plutocrats will own everything and everyone else will force to work for them or rent for them.

Piketty predicts that forces of capital accumulation will makes society less equal, less mobile and less democratic. He says that rich never have been the rich have today and he reaffirms the debate 1% v/s 99%. Using public data like tax records, inheritance records etc., he has analysed inequality. His key concept is R > G (Rate of return on capital > Growth rate of economy) or Income from investment will be greater than growth rate of salaries. Hence capital tends to grow faster than the economy and left unchecked the ratio of wealth to income will keep rising.

Many jobs have been automated by robots and search engines. The rise of India and China has added another 2 billion people to global workforce who are low wage workers.

Critics of Thomas Piketty

Even if R>G capital may not accumulate indefinitely. Capitalist can spend it, give it away or divide among heirs. Thus if cheap labor force willing to work on your new machinery found then return on investment will be good or else low. Hence robots!!

The Great Thinkers

Adam Smith (Scottish 1723-1790) 

He opposed the Mercantilism thought and propounded the’’ Classical School of Economics’’.

His key books – Wealth of Nation (1776), Theory of Moral Sentiment (1759).

He is father of Modern Economics and Capitalism. He gives two theories as:

Comparative Advantage Theory : It is profitable for two nations to trade even if one of them is more efficient. This concept is the basis of all trade today. For example David Riccardo made law by this and formed WTO.

Invisible Hand Theory : The individual pursuit of profit and self-interest unintentionally produces collective goods for society.

John Maynard Keynes (British 1883-1946) 

When things go bad like a world war or recession then capitalism takes a long time to recover. For example Great Depression (1930). Hence people stops spending, consumption decreases so production and jobs also decreases. Thus govt. needs to step in with a big ‘’Fiscal Stimulus and Pump-Priming’’ is required.

Keynesian economics- Promote demand, fight unemployment and fight deflation.

Milton Friedman (USA 1912-2006) 

He is father of ‘’Neoclassical economics’’. He says that social responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage its actions that produced profits. He support the ‘’Privatisation’’. His key followers- President Donald Regan of USA and Prime Minister Margret Thatcher (UK).

 

Entrepreneurs: Need of India

Definitions 

It is all about to identifying gaps and problem in the existing system and offering effective, profitable solutions to plug the same. As per Peter F. Drucker the objective of any business enterprise is ‘’serving - customers - profitably’’. For example

Huge mass of online data, growing continuously and people trying to find something useful = Problems.

Search Engines = Solutions

Google = Precise Solutions

Adwords and Adsense = Profitable Solutions

Concept of Risk

Risk is the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Uncertainty includes events which may or may not happen. Here are some points for the life of an entrepreneur.

(a) Taking risk is an integral part of being an entrepreneur.

(b) Entrepreneur takes risk while managers and administrators expect a structured environment.

(c) Uncertainty of can be three types

Risk – It is measurable statistically

 Ambiguity – It is hard to measure statistically.

True Uncertainty – Impossible to predict statistically.

Creative Destruction Theory 

Schumpeter (1883-1950) was an Austrian American economist who gives the theory of ‘Creative Destruction’. He said that the success of capitalism will lead to corporatism and creation of hostile elite. But the gale of this theory will bring superior innovations to replace in whole or impart inferior products that already exist. Like Facebook and Whatsapp.

This theory will be responsible for long term economic growth. Entrepreneur will be the catalyst for business change. As per Schumpeter existing technology can be intelligently modified to create whole new products and services

Characteristics 

Entrepreneur can alone act in team or in group. They can exhibit both positive and negative trades. Positive trades are : Clearly define goal, Mission above self, Innovation mindset, Solution finder, Team player.

Negative trades are : Excessive aggression, Blind to other needs, Too focused on the goals.

Need of India 

In 2015, PM Modi has launched ‘’Startup India, Standup India’’. Each of 1.25 lacs bank branches should find atleast one Dalit or Adivasi entrepreneurs and at least one woman entrepreneur each. It relates to our Indian Economy directly as follows:

(a) We will soon be the biggest nation in the world with majority being youth.

(b) As of now approximately 10 lac youth entering in the workforce each month which implies that 1.2 crores every year.

(c) Services sector is our prime but it is very poor employer of the people.

(d) India manufacturing sector is very small.

(e) Formal skills development is still in its infancy.

(f) The four numbers magic of Indian Economy that is

     65(Agriculture%)- 35 (Non- Agri)

                                    15 (Organized Sector)

                                    85 (Unorganized Sector)

Moral of the story- India needs more Entrepreneurs !!!!!

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Winning Strategies for Last Moments!!!!

Hello Folks! 
Many of you preparing for JEE Mains 2016 because this is the first doorstep towards your success for become an IITian. I have been observed that many of you got confused by your strategies for how to do well in this hardcore exams. First of all get relaxed! No need to be get panic. Its not tough as like JEE Advance.
If someone asks you to take the JEE right now, what will be your attitude?
"Bring it on!", or "Can you give me at least a couple hours please?"

If you choose the second option, imagine you get only 3 hours to prepare for the JEE.  So study of atleast 3 hours perhaps create a win win situation for you. Here are my some research works for you regarding JEE Mains 2016 Questions. 

JEE Main 2016 Paper Analysis
Important Subject wise Topics along with expected number of marks from each topic:
Mathematics

Name of topic

Marks


Complex Numbers and Quadratic
  Equations

12


Binomial Theorem and its
  Simple Applications

4


Sequences and Series

8


Co-ordinate Geometry
  (Straight Lines & Circles, Conic Sections)

20


Statistics and Probability

8


Trigonometry

8


Mathematical Reasoning

4


Sets, Relations and Functions

4


Matrices and Determinants

8


Limit, Continuity and
  Differentiability

4


Integral Calculus

12


Differential Equations

4


Three Dimensional Geometry
  & Vector Algebra

12


Differentiation and
  applications

12



PHYSICS:


Name of Topic

Marks


Units and Measurement

4


Kinematics

8


Laws of Motion

4


Work, Power and energy

4


Rotational Motion

8


Gravitation

4


Properties of Solids and
  Liquids

12


Thermodynamics

12


Oscillations and Waves

8


Electrostatics

8


Current Electricity

4


Magnetic Effects of Current
  and Magnetism

8


Electromagnetic Induction and
  Alternating Currents

4


Electromagnetic Waves

8


Optics

12


Atoms and Nuclei

8


Electronic Devices

4




CHEMISTRY: 


Name of topic

Marks


Some Basic Concepts in
  Chemistry

12


States of Matter (Gaseous
  State, Liquid State)

4


Atomic Structure

4


Chemical Bonding and
  Molecular Structure

8


Chemical Thermodynamics

4


Equilibrium

4


Redox Reactions

4


Classification of Elements
  and Periodicity in Properties

4


Hydrogen

4


S-Block Elements (Alkali and
  Alkaline Earth Metals)

4


Some Basic Principles of
  Organic Chemistry

4


Hydrocarbons

4


Chemical Kinetics

4


Solid State

4


Electrochemistry

12


General Principles and
  Processes of Isolation of Metals

8


P-Block Elements

4


Co-ordination Compounds

8


Organic Compounds containing
  Halogens

8


Organic Compounds containing
  Oxygen

12


Important Tips for JEE Main preparation


Time Management: Maintaining a proper schedule for every task that you do can lead you to success. Prepare along with all daily tasks such as exercise, play and every other tasks by managing the time.


Diet & food: Maintain a completely healthy diet including fresh fruits and vegetables. Try to ignore oily stuff and have a proper balanced diet.


Positivity: Always try to be positive towards every work that you do and be focused towards all your activities along with studies. Being optimistic works very well many a times in such situations.


Mock Tests: Prepare the best way by appearing as many mock tests you can, and analyze the results regularly. Try solving the portion which you find difficult in the mock tests and create a strong base.


Smart way to Prepare: Make separate sheets for formulas and theorem that can help you a lot while solving numerical in Physics and Mathematics.


Believe in yourself: Self-belief is most important as it generates a lot of positivity and gives boost to your confidence.


Revise: Make sure you revise every topic thoroughly and prepare well every topic by revising time and again. Also prepare separate revision plan for last minute preparation.

If you have been studying for more than 12 hours everyday in the past few days, go watch TV. A movie, maybe. Do something that you like.
Solve previous years' JEE and AIEEE papers. Time yourself strictly. After solving the paper, solve an equal amount of time on analyzing your mistakes. Understand why you couldn't answer a question right. There could be three major reasons for it: 1. Silly mistake 2. You forgot something that you knew. 3. You did not know it or the problem was too complex for you. Count the total number of silly mistakes in your paper, and reduce it every time you attempt a mock paper. If the reason was number 2, revise the topic immediately. If the answer was number 3, think if you should study the topic again or not. But study that topic only if you are sure that you will complete it within a few hours.
Skim through all your study material once. Old or new. Just flip the pages over, you don't have to read everything in details. You might have missed out something or forgotten something.                                             I hope this will help you for your exam. All the best for your exams!!!!!!